Village Cosmos Program
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COSMOS (California State Summer School for Mathematics and Science) UC San Diego is an exciting program that is designed specifically for talented and motivated high school students. COSMOS at UC San Diego is a 4-week residential summer program open to entering ninth through exiting twelfth-grade high school students with demonstrated interest and achievement in math and science.
Key peopleKirk Edwards, CEOProductsCinemasWebsiteVillage Cinemas is an Australian-based brand that mainly shows, and and some, and documentary films. Since 2003, its Australian sites became a joint venture between and (Now known as Event Hospitality and Entertainment), forming. Previous to this, Village Cinemas was the founding entity of, Village Roadshow from 1954 when the first was established, and from 1988 owned a third share in the chain.
The Village Cinemas brand also operates in various forms within some international markets, either as a joint venture with Village Roadshow, or under, where they also operate within 's, and many international cinema chains. Village Cinemas has output deals with all major film distributors and selectively screens some independently sourced films depending on material.
A former four-screen Village Cinema on in the. It operated from 1986 to 2006, with Village Roadshow's headquarters located in the upper levels (the HQ has since been relocated to near their other cinemas).
Some of its opening movies were. This building has since being redeveloped and renamed as, '206 Bourke Street.' In 1954, the company origins of and Village Cinemas came from the foundation in one of Australia's first drive-in theatre operations in, an outer Eastern suburb of (Melbourne's third drive-in, but only the fourth in the entire country), established. The drive-in was adjacent to the shopping strip, Croydon Village; hence the company adopted the 'Village' name. Kirby had already operated traditional indoor cinemas, under the Kirby Theatres name, but the outdoor Village-brand concept was to provide the motor for the company's growth. The original Village Drive-In featured capacity for 454 cars, later being redeveloped to offer features such as a swimming pool and a track, as well as a walk-in area for customers without cars. Kirby's company also built and operated a motel facing the theatre.Kirby rapidly expanded Village Drive-In Pty Limited through the late 1950s, with the circuit opening in the Melbourne suburbs of and; Victorian regional areas of, and; and regional Tasmania in.
Village also went into its first partnership with to build a drive-in, and by the beginning of the 1960s, operated 27 throughout the states of. Village Drive-In Pty Limited then began to expand throughout the rest of Australia, particularly after the company began adding so-called 'hard-top' (enclosed) cinemas in the 1960s. While drive-ins catered to Australia's suburban and vast regional markets, the hard-top theatres targeted the country's growing inner-city areas where their populations were less reliant on private automobile ownership.Joining Roc Kirby in the company's expansion were his sons, Robert and John, who helped out by serving popcorn and soft drinks, and Graham Burke, who commenced with the company in 1960 sweeping floors at one of its theatres. Burke later became integral to the business, joining the Kirbys in Village Roadshow's expansion beyond exhibition. In 1967, the company entered the film distribution side, founding Roadshow Distributors. That operation later grew into Australia's largest, while also adding film production to its portfolio during the 1970s.The advent of in the late-1970s, however, spelled the end of the drive-in theatres. Although Village Roadshow continued to operate a number of drive-ins until the 1990s, the format itself faded quickly with the growing availability of and (the original Croydon drive-in closed in 1990).
However, Village Coburg Drive-In, within the inner-Melbourne suburb of, survived this period and is the last drive-in still operated by Village to this day. However, Village Roadshow responded to these new trends, adding its own video distribution and video rental operations in 1985.Village Roadshow responded to another expanding trend, that of the in the 1980s and '90s.
Multiplexes were a reaction by the movie exhibition industry to the rise of video; the multiplex offered a choice of screenings in a single building, some containing up to 20 screens. Village Roadshow became a pioneer in building and converting its existing single or 'twin' screen cinemas into the multiplex concept, investing in new sound and projection technologies and introducing new features, such as stadium-style seating.
By this change in business operations, Village Roadshow and their competitor cinema operators were able to attract audiences back into their theatres and were the forerunners to the multiplexes of today. A former in, in the, United Kingdom. These cinemas operated from 1996 until 2004, and are now part of the network of multiplexes.In 1988, Village Roadshow sold two-thirds in Village Cinemas and entered into an equal partnership with and to develop a new chain of multiplex cinemas throughout Australia. The partnership, called the Australian Multiplex Joint Venture, grew quickly through the 1990s, establishing a chain of nearly 30 theatres with nearly 320 screens. The first joint-venture multiplex opened in Melbourne's as 'Village Greater Union 8' in 1989.In 1995, Village Roadshow added a new retail format from the creation of joint-venture, Village Nine Leisure, with and, to open a string of 'virtual entertainment' shops known as,.
These expanded to most states and territories throughout Australia, usually co-locating with most Village Cinema sites in Victoria and Tasmania, and Greater Union/Birch Carroll & Coyle sites in other states (replacing some rival Timezone video arcade locations). Village Roadshow wholly acquired the chain in 1999, and since 2005, most locations down to the current nine arcades.With the company being led by John and Robert Kirby (who alternated in the chairman's position) and Graham Burke, who undertook the managing director's position, Village Roadshow began expanding its cinemas overseas in the 1990s. This saw (Village Force and Village Rialto) became the company's first foreign market in 1991 after it established its first cinema in (the original Village Force cinema closed in late-2008 to open a new Skycity Cinema in, now an ).
In 1992, the company entered Singapore with Hong Kong-based joint-venture partner, to form the chain. Golden Village's success in Singapore further fuelled its international expansion in the mid-90s. In 1994, the company entered (Entertain Golden Village and Mongkol Golden Harvest), followed by ( and ) in 1995. By 1996, the company was actively expanding its cinema circuit in 20 different markets, including Hong Kong (Golden Village), joining with Orange Sky Golden Harvest again. In Europe, the company's purchase of half ownership in Warner International Theatres gave it a stake in 135 screens within the United Kingdom and 17 more in Germany, forming.
By the end of 1996, the company had entered (Damodar Village Cinemas), (Hollywood Cinemas), and (Village Cines) as well. Also in 1996, Village Roadshow turned to its shareholders to fund further international expansion, raising $A216 million. The company added a number of new foreign markets, including (Village Cinemas), Italy (Warner Village Cinemas), and in 1997 (the Indian operations were a 60/40 joint-venture with local firm, Priya Exhibitors Private Limited to form – Priya Village Roadshow Limited). In 1998, it also moved into (Golden Village), (CJ Golden Village), and France (Village Cinemas).In February 1997, Village Cinemas and Warner Bros. Partnered again to open Australia's first 24-hour cinema in Melbourne's new complex when it also opened (it reverted to normal cinema hours in 2001).
It also included another new type of cinema, four Gold Class auditoriums, a luxury cinema format. By July 1999, Gold Class had already expanded to three auditoriums in Village Cinemas at; two at; three at; and one at.
Also by that time, the concept broadened to sites in; with two screens at; and another two at.In October 1998, the Cinema Europa concept was introduced when three auditoriums were added to the Village Cinemas in The Jam Factory, closely followed by another three screens in Village Southland. As with Gold Class, this type of cinema would later be rolled out across other Village Cinemas in Melbourne before expanding overseas. The first in, within New Delhi. The establishment of this cinema in 1997 started the chain's Indian operations for Priya Exhibitors and Village Roadshow. The brand continues to trade after Village withdrew their involvement in 2002, with Gold Class and Cinema Europa screens held under licence (it operates instead of Vmax).In August 1999, it was announced that the Village Force and Village Rialto cinema chains in (both being 50/50 joint ventures between Village Roadshow and NZ-based Force Corporation) would sell half their combined share in both multiplex networks to to obtain half ownership in Hoyts' own NZ operations.
Village Force, Village Rialto and Hoyts remained separate brands (similar to the Australian arrangements between joint venture partners, Village Cinemas and Greater Union/Birch Carroll & Coyle), yet merged back-office operations and marketing, leaving half-a-dozen staff redundant. The ownership structure saw Village Roadshow and Force Corporation keep 25% each, with Hoyts holding the remaining 50%. It was estimated by some business analysts that the combined group controlled more than two-thirds of all box office sales in New Zealand which concerned the.
However, after months of negotiations and legal threats from the Commission, Village Force and Hoyts jointly announced in September 2000 that they would unwind the new partnership going back to their original ownership structures. Both companies said the courts would have upheld the alliance in the end, but conceded the costs and time required in legal actions meant it was not worth battling the Commerce Commission over the issue. Village Force chief executive, Joe Moodabe told, 'there were so many uncertainties and frustrations and the cost as well, it's just time to say, 'We gave it a good shot and let's put it behind us.' He added that, 'everybody's fed up with the whole thing now and wants to get on with life.'
This left Hoyts NZ to find another head office location, while Force Corporation would later be subject to an acquisition by in March 2001, resulting in the cinema chain being renamed to Village Skycity.Yet, the international market remained the company's clear priority as growth opportunities within its home market remained limited. Graham Burke told the, 'We will be a worldwide entertainment giant – if we are not already – in five years.'
By the end of 2000, the Village Cinemas brand had entered a number of new foreign markets, including, and the.In early 2001, Village Roadshow's swift international cinema expansion had not convinced investors, and amid falling profits and a floundering share price, the public company was forced to abandon its ambition of establishing a global cinema empire. The company began exiting a number of foreign markets, with plans to drop back to just ten of its more profitable country markets. Village Roadshow also began shedding a number of its other non-core operations at the time while giving greater focus to its film distribution and production arms which included more major co-productions withIn late 2001, the company continued its international rationalisation, selling off its Swiss and Hungarian theatres. Germany and France followed, and, by the end of 2002, the company had sold off its cinema businesses in Malaysia, India, and Thailand as well. Not all the company's cinema businesses were in regression, however, as the company added extra theatres to its existing chains in the Czech Republic, South Korea, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom that year.In early 2003, Burke and the Kirby brothers admitted that they saw Village Roadshow's future chiefly in film production, particularly given the seemingly saturated status of the exhibition market.
That year, Warner Bros. Sold their 33.3% share in the Australian Multiplex Joint Venture back to and Amalgamated Holdings Limited who increased their stakes to 50/50, forming, the overall owner of Village Cinemas and Greater Union/Birch Carroll & Coyle ( would be later introduced outside Village's Vic/Tas markets in 2009).
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. Ann Druyan. Brannon Braga. Mitchell CannoldProducer(s)Livia HanichSteven HoltzmanJason ClarkProduction location(s)CinematographyEditor(s)John DuffyEric LeaMichael O'HalloranRunning time41–44 minutesProduction company(s)Cosmos StudiosSanta Fe StudiosDistributorReleaseOriginal networkPicture formatOriginal releaseMarch 9 ( 2014-03-09) –June 8, 2014 ( 2014-06-08)ChronologyPreceded byFollowed byCosmos: Possible WorldsCosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey is a 2014 American science series. The show is a follow-up to the 1980 television series, which was presented by on the and is considered a milestone for scientific documentaries.
This series was developed to bring back the foundation of science to network television at the height of other scientific-based television series and films. The show is presented by astrophysicist, who, as a young high school student, was inspired by Sagan.
Among the executive producers are, whose financial investment was instrumental in bringing the show to broadcast television, and, a co-author and co-creator of the original television series and Sagan's wife. The show is produced by, and composed the backing score.The series loosely follows the same thirteen-episode format and storytelling approach that the original Cosmos used, including elements such as the 'Ship of the Imagination' and the ', but features information updated since the 1980 series, along with extensive computer-generated graphics and animation footage augmenting the narration.The series premiered on March 9, 2014, simultaneously in the United States across ten networks. The remainder of the series aired on the, with the rebroadcasting the episodes the next night with extra content. The series has been rebroadcast internationally in dozens of other countries by local National Geographic and Fox stations.
The series concluded on June 8, 2014, with home media release of the entire series on June 10, 2014. Cosmos has been critically praised, winning several television broadcasting awards and a for educational content.On January 13, 2018, Fox announced another season titled Cosmos: Possible Worlds, initially scheduled to start broadcast on March 3, 2019. This date was then scrapped due to misconduct allegations of Tyson. On March 15, 2019, Fox released a statement saying they were moving forward with Cosmos and were committed to finding an air date. Contents.Production Background The original 13-part first aired in 1980 on the, and was hosted. The show has been considered highly significant since its broadcast; of described it as 'a watershed moment for science-themed television programming'.
The show has been watched by at least 400 million people across 60 different countries, and until the 1990 documentary, remained the network's highest rated program.Following Sagan's death in 1996, his widow, the co-creator of the original Cosmos series along with, and astrophysicist sought to create a new version of the series, aimed to appeal to as wide an audience as possible and not just to those interested in the sciences. They had struggled for years with reluctant television networks that failed to see the broad appeal of the show. Development. Was instrumental in obtaining network funding for Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, and also serves as an executive producer.had met Druyan through Tyson at the 2008 kickoff event for the, a new Los Angeles office of the, designed to connect Hollywood writers and directors with scientists. A year later, at a 2009 lunch in New York City with Tyson, MacFarlane learned of their interest to re-create Cosmos. He was influenced by Cosmos as a child, believing that Cosmos served to 'bridge the gap between the academic community and the general public'.
At the time MacFarlane told Tyson, 'I'm at a point in my career where I have some disposable income. And I’d like to spend it on something worthwhile.' MacFarlane had considered the reduction of effort for space travel in recent decades to be part of 'our culture of lethargy'. MacFarlane, who has several series on the Fox network, was able to bring Druyan to meet the heads of Fox programming, Peter Rice and, and helped secure the greenlighting of the show. MacFarlane admits that he is 'the least essential person in this equation' and the effort is a departure from work he's done before, but considers this to be 'very comfortable territory for me personally'.
He and Druyan have become close friends, and Druyan stated that she believed that Sagan and MacFarlane would have been 'kindred spirits' with their respective 'protean talents'. In June 2012, MacFarlane provided funding to allow about 800 boxes of Sagan's personal notes and correspondences to be donated to the. Interior of the 'Ship of the Imagination': top, from the original 1980 series, with in the chair; bottom, from the 2014 series, with in the chair.In a interview, Tyson discussed their goal of capturing the 'spirit of the original Cosmos', which he describes as 'uplifting themes that called people to action'. Druyan describes the themes of wonder and skepticism they are infusing into the scripts, in an interview with, 'In order for it to qualify on our show it has to touch you.
It still has to be rigorously good science—no cutting corners on that. But then, it also has to be that equal part skepticism and wonder both.' In a interview, Tyson credits the success of the original series for the proliferation of science programming, “The task for the next generation of Cosmos is a little bit different because I don’t need to teach you textbook science. There’s a lot of textbook science in the original Cosmos, but that’s not what you remember most. What most people who remember the original series remember most is the effort to present science in a way that has meaning to you that can influence your conduct as a citizen of the nation and of the world—especially of the world.” Tyson states that the new series will contain both new material and updated versions of topics in the original series, but primarily, will service the “needs of today’s population'. “We want to make a program that is not simply a sequel to the first, but issues forth from the times in which we are making it, so that it matters to those who is this emergent 21st century audience.” Tyson considered that recent successes of science-oriented shows like and, along with films like, showed that 'science has become mainstream' and expects Cosmos 'will land on hugely fertile ground'.Tyson spoke about the 'love-hate relationship' viewers had with the original series' Spaceship of the Imagination, but confirmed during production that they were developing 'vehicles of storytelling'.
Tyson affirmed that defining elements of the original series, such as the Spaceship of the Imagination and the Cosmic Calendar with improved special effects, as well as new elements, would be present. Animation for these sequences was ultimately created by a team hand-picked by MacFarlane for the series. Developed and produced the animation, and the animation studio used was in Los Angeles, California. The sound of the Spaceship of the Imagination, and sound design in general, was created by Rick Steele, who said of the show: 'Cosmos has been, by far, the most challenging show of my career.' The updated Spaceship was designed to 'remain timeless and very simple', according to MacFarlane, using the ceiling to project future events and the floor for those in the past, to allow Tyson, as the host, to 'take the viewer to the places that he’s talking about'. Episodes.
The Earth's location within the.Tyson opens the episode to reflect on the importance of Sagan's original Cosmos, and the goals of this series. He introduces the viewer to the 'Ship of the Imagination', the show's narrative device to explore the universe's past, present, and future. Tyson takes the viewer to show where Earth sits in the scope of the, defining the Earth's 'address' within the. Tyson explains how humanity has not always seen the universe in this manner, and describes the hardships and persecution of in challenging the prevailing held by the. To show Bruno's vision of the cosmic order he uses an animated adaptation of the, a 19th century illustration that has now become a common meme for the revealing of the mysteries of the Universe.The episode continues onto the scope of time, using the concept of the as used in the original series to provide a metaphor for this scale. The narration describes how if the occurred on January 1, all of humankind's recorded history would be compressed into the last few seconds of the last minute on December 31.
Tyson concludes the episode by recounting how Sagan inspired him as a student as well as his other contributions to the scientific community.2'March 16, 2014 ( 2014.95. The diversity of species as shown via the.The episode covers several facets of the origin of life. Tyson describes both via, using the example of humankind's domestication of wolves into dogs, and that created species like polar bears. Tyson uses the Ship of the Imagination to show how, and work, and how these led to the diversity of species as represented by the, including how complex organs such as the came about as a common element.Tyson describes of species and the five great that wiped out numerous species on Earth, while some species, such as the, were able to survive and continue life.
Tyson speculates on the possibility of life on other planets, such as Saturn's moon, as well as how may have originated. The episode concludes with an animation from the original Cosmos showing the evolution of life from a single cell to humankind today.3'Brannon BragaMarch 23, 2014 ( 2014.25. The first page of Isaac Newton's 1687 Tyson describes how manifested in early civilization as using and to predict the passing of the seasons, including how the passage of a was often taken as an omen. Tyson then explains that the origin of comets only became known in the 20th century due to the work of and his hypothesis of the.Tyson then relates the collaboration between and in the last part of the 17th century in. The collaboration would result in the publication of, the first major work to describe the laws of physics in mathematical terms, despite objections and claims of plagiarism from and financial difficulties of the.
Tyson explains how this work challenged the prevailing notion that God had planned out the heavens, but would end up influencing many factors of modern life, including.Tyson describes Halley's contributions based on Newton's work, including determining, the and predicting the orbit of then-unnamed using Newton's laws. Tyson contrasts these scientific approaches to understanding the galaxy compared to what earlier civilizations had done, and considers this advancement as humankind's first steps into exploring the universe. The episode ends with an animation of the Milky Way and galaxies' based on the principles of Newton's laws.4'Brannon BragaMarch 30, 2014 ( 2014.91.
An artist's concept of a 's.Tyson begins the episode by explaining the nature of the and how much of what is seen of the observable universe is from light emanated from billions of years in the past. Tyson further explains how modern astronomy has used such analyses via to identify the event and the age of the universe.Tyson proceeds to describe how the work of, and contributed to understanding the nature of and, and how this work led towards 's, that the speed of light is a fundamental constant of the universe and gravity can be seen as distortion of the fabric of space-time. Tyson describes the concept of as postulated by which are not visible but detectable by tracking other stars trapped within their, an idea Herschel used to discover.Tyson then describes the nature of, their enormous gravitational forces that can even capture light, and their discovery via such as. Tyson uses the Ship of Imagination to provide a postulate of the warping of and as one enters the of the black hole, and the possibility that these may lead to other points within our universe or others, or even time travel. Tyson ends on noting that Herschel's son, would be inspired by his father to continue to as well as contributions towards that play on the same nature of deep time used by astronomers.Animated sequences in this episode feature caricatures of William and John Herschel; provided the voice for William in these segments.5'Bill PopeApril 6, 2014 ( 2014.98. Representative used in to determine the composition of distant stellar objectsThis episode explores the as studied by humankind, noting that light has played an important role in scientific progress, with such early experiments from over 2000 years ago involving the by the Chinese philosopher.
Tyson describes the work of the 11th century Arabic scientist, considered to be one of the first to postulate on the nature of light and optics leading to the concept of the, as well as one of the first researchers to use the.Tyson proceeds to discuss the nature of light as discovered by humankind. Work by using through demonstrated that light was composed of the, while findings of in the 19th century showed that light also consisted of rays.
Would later come to discover that by magnifying the spectrum of visible light, gaps in the spectrum would be observed. These would later be determined to be caused by the absorption of light by in moving between (in the show illustrated by the ) when it passed through atoms, with each atom having a characteristic signature due to the of these orbitals. This since has led to the core of, allowing astronomers to make observations about the composition of stars, planets, and other stellar features through the spectral lines, as well as observing the motion and expansion of the universe, and the hypothesized existence of.6'Bill PopeApril 13, 2014 ( 2014.49. Supernova demonstrated the existence of.This episode looks to the nature of the cosmos on the micro and atomic scales, using the Ship of the Imagination to explore these realms. Tyson describes some of the micro-organisms that live within a dew drop, demonstrating.
He proceeds to discuss how plants use via their to convert sunlight into chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich sugars. Tyson then discusses the nature of molecules and atoms and how they relate to the evolution of species. He uses the example set forth by postulating the existence of the long-tongued based on the nature of the with pollen far within the flower. He further demonstrates that scents from flowers are used to trigger, stimulating the mind to threats as to aid in the survival of the species.Tyson narrates how two Greek philosophers contributed to our understanding of science. Was among the first thinkers to examine a 'universe governed by the order of natural laws that we could actually figure out,' and postulated that all matter was made up of combinations of atoms in a large number of configurations.
He then describes how forms the basic building block for life on Earth due to its unique chemical nature. Tyson explains the basic atomic structure of, and, and the process of that occurs in most stars that can overcome the that normally keeps atoms from touching each other. He then discusses the existence of that are created by these nuclear processes, and that typically pass through all matter, making them virtually undetectable. He explains how subterranean water pool facilities lined with special detectors like the are used to detect neutrinos when they collide with water molecules, and how neutrinos from supernova in the were detected three hours before the of light from the explosion were observed due to the neutrinos' ability to pass through matter of the dying star.
Tyson concludes by noting that there are neutrinos from the still existing in the universe but due to the nature of light, there is a 'wall of infinity' that cannot be observed beyond.7'Brannon BragaApril 20, 2014 ( 2014.74. Meteor fragments from in Arizona were used to estimate the age of the Earth and other materials in the Solar System.This episode is centered around how science, in particular the work of (voiced in animated sequences by ) in the middle of the 20th century, was able to determine the. Tyson first describes how the Earth was formed from the coalescence of matter some millions of years after the formation of the Sun, and while scientists can examine the formations in to date some geological events, these can only trace back millions of years. Instead, scientists have used the debris from meteor impacts, such as the in Arizona, knowing that the material from such meteors coming from the would have been made at the same time as the Earth.Tyson then outlines the work Patterson did as a graduate under his adviser to provide an accurate count of lead in particles from Meteor Crater, and to work with similar results being collected by on uranium counts; with the established of uranium's to lead, this would be used to estimate the age of the Earth. Patterson found that his results were contaminated by lead from the ambient environment, compared to Tilton's results, and required the construction of the first ultra-high to remove all traces of environmental lead. With these clean results, Patterson was able to estimate the age of the Earth to 4.5 billion years.Tyson goes on to explain that Patterson's work in performing lead-free experiments directed him to investigate the sources for lead. Tyson notes how lead does not naturally occur at Earth's surface but has been readily mined by humans (including the ), and that.
Patterson examined the levels of lead in the common environment and in deeper parts of the oceans and ice, showing that lead had only been brought to the surface in recent times. He would discover that the higher levels of lead were from the use of in leaded gasoline, despite long-established claims by and others that this chemical was safe. Patterson would continue to campaign against the use of lead, ultimately resulting in government-mandated restrictions on the use of lead. Tyson ends by noting that similar work by scientists continues to be used to help alert humankind to other fateful issues that can be identified by the study of nature.8'Brannon BragaApril 27, 2014 ( 2014.66. The that helped to classify the types of starsThis episode provides an overview of the composition of stars, and their fate in billions of years.
Tyson describes how early humans would identify stars via the use of that tied in with various myths and beliefs, such as the. Tyson describes the work of to capture the spectra of multiple stars simultaneously, and the work of the, a team of women researchers under Pickering's mentorship, to catalog the spectra. This team included, who developed the system, and, who discovered the means to measure the distance from a star to the Earth by its spectra, later used to identify other galaxies in the universe. Later, this team included, who would develop a good friendship with Cannon; Payne's thesis based on her work with Cannon was able to determine the composition and temperature of the stars, collaborating with Cannon's classification system.Tyson then explains the lifecycle of stars, being borne out from. He explains how stars like the keep their size due to the conflicting forces of gravity that pulls the gases in, and the expansion from escaping gases from the fusion reactions at its core.
As the Sun ages, it will grow hotter and brighter to the point where the balance between these reactions will fail, causing the Sun to first expand into a, and then collapse into a, the collapse limited. Tyson explains how larger stars may form even more collapsed forms of matter, creating and depending on their size and leading to. Massive stars can collapse into. Tyson then describes that stars can only be so large, using the example of which is considered an unstable solar mass that could become a in the relatively near future. Tyson ends describing how all matter on Earth is the same stuff that stars are made of, and that light and energy from the stars is what drives life on Earth.9'Brannon BragaMay 4, 2014 ( 2014.08. A map of Earth'sThis episode explores the of Earth over millions of years, and its impact on the development of life on the planet.
Tyson starts by explaining that the -rich trees evolved in the era about 300 million years ago, were not edible by species at the time and would instead fall over and become carbon-rich. Some 50 million years later, near the end of the period, volcanic activity would burn the carbonaceous matter, releasing carbon dioxide and acidic components, creating a sudden effect that warmed the oceans and, all leading towards the, killing 90% of the species on Earth.Tyson then explains the nature of that would shape the landmasses of the world. Tyson explains how scientists like hypothesized the idea that land masses may have been connected in the past, who hypothesized the idea of a super-continent and despite the prevailing idea of flooded land-bridges at the time, and and who discovered the that supported the theory of plate tectonics.
Tyson describes how the landmasses of the Earth lay atop the, which moves due to the motion and heat of the Earth's and.Tyson moves on to explain the asteroid impact that initiated the, leaving small mammals as the dominant species on Earth. Tyson proceeds to describe more recent geologic events such as the formation of the due to the breaking of the natural dam at the, and how the geologic formation of the broke the free flow of the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific, causing large-scale climate change such as turning the bulk of Africa from lush grasslands into arid plains and further influencing evolution towards tree-climbing mammals. Tyson further explains how the influence of other planets in the Solar System have small effects on the Earth's spin and, creating the various, and how these changes influenced early human's nomadic behavior. Tyson concludes the episode by noting how Earth's landmasses are expected to change in the future and postulates what may be the next great extinction event.10'Bill PopeMay 11, 2014 ( 2014.46. Presenting his experiments with electromagnetism at a, 1856This episode provides an overview of the nature of, as discovered through the work of. Tyson explains how the idea of another force of nature, similar to gravitational forces, had been postulated by Isaac Newton before.
Tyson continues on Faraday, coming from poor beginnings, would end up becoming interested in studying after reading books and seeing lectures by at the. Davy would hire Faraday after seeing extensive notes he had taken to act as his secretary and lab assistant.After Davy and chemist unsuccessfully tried to build on 's discovery of the electromagnetic phenomena to harness the ability to create motion from electricity, Faraday was able to create his own device to create the first by applying electricity aligned along a magnet. Davy, bitter over Faraday's breakthrough, put Faraday on the task of improving the quality of high-quality optical glass, preventing Faraday from continuing his research. Faraday, undeterred, continued to work in the Royal Institution, and created the designed to teach science to children. Following Davy's death, Faraday returned to full time efforts studying electromagnetism, creating the first by inserting a magnet in a coil of wires.Tyson continues to note that despite losing some of his mental capacity, Faraday concluded that electricity and magnetism were connected by unseen fields, and postulated that light may also be tied to these forces.
Using a sample of the optical glass that Davy had him make, Faraday discovered that an applied magnetic field could affect the of light passing through the glass sample (a ), leading to what is called the and connecting these three forces. Faraday postulated that these fields existed across the planet, which would later be called generated by the rotating molten iron, as well as the phenomena that caused the planets to rotate around the Sun. Faraday's work was initially rejected by the scientific community due to his lack of mathematical support, but would later come to rework Faraday's theories into the that validated Faraday's theories. Their combined efforts created the basis of science that drives the principles of modern communications today.11'Brannon BragaMay 18, 2014 ( 2014.24. With a replica of the Mars landerThis episode covers how life may have developed on Earth and the possibility of life on other planets. Tyson begins by explaining how the human development of writing systems enabled the transfer of information through generations, describing how ca. 2280 BC would be one of the first to sign her name to her works, and how collected stories, including that of documenting a comparable to the story of.
Tyson explains how similarly records information to propagate life, and postulates theories of how DNA originated on Earth, including from a shallow tide pool, or from the of meteor collisions from other planets. In the latter case, Tyson explains how comparing the composition of the in 1911 to results collected by the demonstrated that material from Mars could transit to Earth, and the ability of some to survive the harsh conditions of space.
With the motions of solar systems through the galaxy over billions of years, life could conceivably propagate from planet to planet in the same manner.Tyson then moves on to consider if life on other planets could exist. He explains how performed in the 1940s showed that radio waves are able to travel in space, and that all of humanity's broadcast signals continue to radiate into space from our planet. Tyson notes that projects have since looked for similar signals potentially emanating from other solar systems. Tyson then explains that the development and lifespan of extraterrestrial civilizations must be considered for such detection to be realized. He notes that civilizations can be wiped out by cosmic events like supernovae, natural disasters such as the, or even self-destruct through war or other means, making probability estimates difficult. Tyson describes how, in which some of the oldest stars exist, would offer the best chance of finding established civilizations.
Tyson concludes that human intelligence properly applied should allow our species to avoid such disasters and enable us to migrate beyond the Earth before the Sun's eventual transformation into a. Princess Enheduanna's animation is modeled on CNN's, who also did Enheduanna's voice.12'Brannon BragaJune 1, 2014 ( 2014.52. The increase in surface temperatures on Earth due to global warmingThis episode explores the nature of the (discovered by and ), and the evidence demonstrating the existence of from humanity's influence. Tyson begins by describing the long-term history of the planet Venus; based on readings from the series of probes to the planet, the planet once had an ocean and an atmosphere, but due to the release of from, the runaway greenhouse effect on Venus caused the surface temperatures to increase and boiled away the oceans.Tyson then notes the delicate nature of the amount of can influence Earth's due to the greenhouse effect, and that levels of carbon dioxide have been increasing since the start of the 20th century.
Evidence has shown this to be from humankind's of, coal, and instead of from volcanic eruptions due to the of the carbon dioxide. The increase in carbon dioxide has led to an increase in temperatures, in turn leading to of the melting polar ice caps and dethawing of the to increase carbon dioxide levels.Tyson then notes that humans have discovered means of harvesting, such as 's solar-driven motor in the 19th century, and 's solar-based steam generator in the 1910s. Tyson points out that in both cases, the economics and ease of using cheap coal and oil caused these inventions to be overlooked at the time. Today, solar and wind-power systems would be able to collect enough solar energy from the sun easily. Tyson then compares the motivation for switching to these cleaner forms of energy to the efforts of the and emphasizes that it is not too late for humanity to correct its course.13'June 8, 2014 ( 2014.09.
Earth as a in the middle of the band of light, taken by Voyager I from outside the orbit of NeptuneTyson begins the episode by noting how the lost much of humanity's knowledge to that point. He then contrasts on the strive for humanity to continue to discover new facts about the universe and the need to not close off further discovery.Tyson then proceeds to describe the discovery of by through high-altitude balloon trips, where radiation increased the farther one was from the surface., in studying, postulated that these cosmic rays originated from these events instead of electromagnetic radiation. Zwicky would continue to study supernovae, and by looking at that they emitted, estimated the movement of the galaxies in the universe. His calculations suggested that there must be more mass in the universe than those apparent in the observable galaxies, and called this.
Initially forgotten, Zwicky's theory was confirmed by the work of, who observed that the rotation of stars at the edges of observable galaxies did not follow expected rotational behavior without considering dark matter. This further led to the proposal of as a viable theory to account for the universe's increasing rate of expansion.Tyson then describes the interstellar travel, using the two probes. Besides the abilities to identify several features on the planets of the Solar System, Voyager I was able to recently demonstrate the existence of the Sun's variable which helps buffer the Solar System from. Tyson describes Carl Sagan's role in the Voyager program, including creating the to encapsulate humanity and Earth's position in the universe, and convincing the program directors to have Voyager I to take a picture of Earth from beyond the orbit of Neptune, creating the image of the.
Tyson concludes the series by emphasizing on the human condition in the vastness of the cosmos, and to encourage viewers to continue to explore and discover what else the universe has to offer.The series concludes with the empty-seated Ship of the Imagination leaving Earth and traveling through space as Tyson looks on from planet Earth.Cast. Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson hosts and narrates the show.In August 2011, the show was officially announced for primetime broadcast in the spring of 2014. The show is a co-production of Druyan's Cosmos Studios, MacFarlane's, and; Druyan, MacFarlane, Cosmos Studios' Mitchell Cannold, and director Brannon Braga are the executive producers.Fox's CEO Kevin Reilly considered that the show would be a risk and outside the network's typical programming, but that 'we believe this can have the same massive cultural impact that the original series delivered,' and committed the network's resources to the show. The show would first be broadcast on Fox, re-airing the same night on the.In Canada, it was broadcast simultaneously on,. A preview of the show's first episode was aired for student filmmakers at the on February 28, 2014.Cosmos premiered simultaneously in the US across ten networks:,. According to Fox Networks, this was the first time that a TV show was set to premiere in a global simulcast across their network of channels.The Fox network broadcast averaged about 5.8 million viewers in Nielsen's affiliate-based estimates for the 9 o’clock hour Sunday, as well as a 2.1 rating/5 share in adults 18-49.
The under-50 audience was roughly 60% men. Viewing on other networks raised these totals to 8.5 million and a 2.9 rating in the demo, according to Nielsen. Reception Critical reception. The crew of Cosmos at the 74th Annual Peabody Awards. From left to right: Ann Druyan, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Mitchell Cannold and Brannon Braga.Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey has received highly positive reviews from critics, receiving a rating of 83 out of 100 based on 19 reviews.The miniseries won the for 'Best Reality Series', with Tyson awarded for 'Best Reality Host'. The miniseries was also nominated for 'Outstanding Achievement in News and Information' for the and 12, including 'Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Series'. The program won the Emmy for 'Outstanding Writing for Nonfiction Programming' and 'Outstanding Sound Editing for Nonfiction Programming (Single or Multi-Camera)', and Silvestri won the Emmys for both 'Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music' and 'Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score)'.
The series won a 2014 within the Education category. In 2014, the (CSICOP) presented Cosmos with the Robert B. Balles Prize in Critical Thinking. ' Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey opened the eyes of a new generation to humanity’s triumphs, its mistakes, and its astounding potential to reach unimagined heights.' Criticism The new miniseries has been criticized by some and the for some of the things stated during the show.
Were upset that the scientific theories covered in the show opposed the in the. The was upset that the science show 'smears'. A spokesman for the League noted how the show focused on, whom the Catholic Church turned over to secular authorities to be burnt at the stake for blasphemy, immoral conduct, and heresy in matters of dogmatic theology, in addition to some of the basic doctrines of his philosophy and cosmology, and stated that the show 'skipped and —two far more consequential men in proving and disseminating the —because in their cases, the Church's role was much more complicated'. Home media release Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey was released on Blu-ray and DVD on June 10, 2014. The set contains all 13 episodes, plus an audio commentary on the first episode, and three featurettes: 'Celebrating Carl Sagan: A Selection from the Library of Congress Dedication', ' Cosmos at Comic-Con 2013' and ' Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey – The Voyage Continues'. Exclusive to the Blu-ray version is the interactive.
Sequel series On January 13, 2018, it was announced that another season titled would debut in 2019 on Fox and National Geographic channels. It will again be hosted by and executive produced by, and Jason Clark.
The studio portions are being filmed at Studios with plans for location shooting in the,. Druyan expects the series to be more inspiring, with a strong emphasis on a hopeful future, and she hopes that the series will help correct rhetoric and policies.The 13-episode series was slated to premiere on March 3, 2019, on Fox, and the following day on National Geographic, however, on February 15, 2019, it was announced that due to the ongoing investigation of sexual harassment allegations against Tyson, the series would be delayed.On March 15, 2019, both NatGeo and Fox cleared Tyson to return to TV, and that both StarTalk and Cosmos would resume, but no date was set at that time. See also.References. Retrieved May 29, 2016. (March 4, 2014). Retrieved March 4, 2014.
Village Cosmos Program At Night
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Ster Makedonia
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Otterson, Joe (February 15, 2019). Retrieved February 18, 2019. Porter, Rick (February 15, 2019). The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 15, 2019.External links Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Wikiquote has quotations related to:. at.
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